|
Autopharmacological effects
|
Local effects
|
Haemostatic effects
|
Neurological effects
|
Muscular effects
|
Cardiac effects
|
Renal effects
|
Crotalus sp. Bothrops asper
|
Minutes (to hours)
|
| |
|
|
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea (urticaria, angio-oedema) (bronchospasm) arterial hypotension |
Crotalus sp.
|
Hours
|
| |
| Generalised oedema |
| |
| Hypovolaemia/hypovolaemic shock |
| |
|
| Cardiovascular failure |
|
|
Bothrops asper Crotalus sp. Lachesis sp.
|
Hours
|
| |
|
Clotting time1 abnormal
1 or more complex clotting tests
|
| |
Gingival bleeding
|
| |
Bleeding from wounds remote from the site of the bite
|
|
| Haematemesis, bleeding per rectum, haematuria |
|
|
|
Systemic bleeding
|
Focal neurological deficits,
meningismus, coma
|
|
| Hypovolaemia/haemorrhagic shock |
|
|
|
|
| Cardiovascular failure |
Renal failure
|
CNS failure |
|
Bothrops asper Crotalus sp. Lachesis sp.
|
Minutes (to hours)
|
| |
Local pain and swelling
|
| |
| Painful swelling of the regional lymph nodes |
| |
|
|
Bothrops asper
|
Bothrops asper Crotalus sp. Lachesis muta
|
| Days |
Hours |
|
|
Extensive swelling
|
| |
| Hypovolaemia |
| |
Necrosis Loss of function of extremities Loss of extremities
|
|
|
|
Micrurus sp.
|
Minutes to hours
|
| |
| Cranial nerve deficits (ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, dysphagia, dysarthria) |
| |
| Paralysis of the skeletal musculature including the respiratory musculature |
| |
| Respiratory failure |
|
|
|