VAPAGuide - Flowcharts

Vipera sp.

Minutes (to hours)

Local pain and swelling

Painful swelling of the regional lymph nodes

Extensive swelling (ecchymoses)

Hypovolaemia

In bites by V.berus, V.ammodytes and in particular V.aspis of certain geographical areas (SE France, Italy) neurotoxic effects are observed. See clinical entries.

Systemic bleeding rare even in cases of systemic envenoming, see clinical entries.

Vipera sp.
Minutes (to hours)

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea (urticaria, angio-oedema) (bronchospasm) arterial hypotension






Cardiovascular failure

Vipera sp.

?

Cardiac dysrhythmias,
ischaemia (ECG)

Emergency & clinical flowcharts