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More references are listed in the “Clinical entries” of the Biomedical Database.

Treatments for Centruroides exilicauda envenomation. Amer. J. Dis. Chil. 138: 1136-1139

1984
Rachesky, I. J., W. Banner Jr., J. Dansky

Millipede burns in man. Trop. Geogr. Med. 27: 279-287

1975
Radford, A. J.

Annual incidence of snake bite in rural bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis., Oct 26;4 (10): 860

2010
Rahman, R., M. A. Faiz, S. Selim, B. Rahman, A. Basher, A. Jones, C. d'Este, M. Hossain, Z. Islam, H. Ahmed, A. H. Milton

Intracerebral hemorrhage following scorpion bite. Neurology 40: 1801

1990
Rai, M., R. C. Shukla, D. N. Varma, G. S. Bajpai, S. K. Gupta

A New Species of Mountain Viper (Ophidia: Viperidae) from the Central Zagros Mountains, Iran. Russ. J. Herpetol. 18 (3): 235 – 240

2011
Rajabizadeh, M., G. Nilson, H. G. Kami

Acute renal failure (ARF), prolonged oliguric renal failure (PORF) and chronic renal failure (CRF) following snake bite. 102nd Anniversary Session, SLMA, Colombo 3-6 May.: 17-18

1989
Ramachandran, S., C. A. Herath, S. K. Jayatissa, M. W. Salgado, P. Kumarasinghe

The in vivo cardiovascular effects of box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri venom in rats: efficacy of pre-treatment with antivenom, verapamil and magnesium sulphate. Toxicon 43: 685-690

2004
Ramasamy, S., G. K. Isbister, J. E. Seymour, W. C. Hodgson

Coral snake bite. J. Amer. med. Ass. 182: 151-153

Ramsey, G. F., G. D. Klickstein (1962 )

Ocular jellyfish stings in Chesapeake bay watermen. Amer. J. Ophthalmol. 102: 536-537

1986
Rapoza, P. A., S. K. West, H. S. Newland, H. R. Taylor

Sea snakes (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae) in Vietnam: a comprehensive checklist and an updated identification key. Zootaxa 2894: 1–20

2011
Rasmussen, A. R., J. Elmberg, P. Gravlund, I. Ineich

The current status of the rare Usambara mountain forest-viper, Atheris ceratophorus Werner, 1895, including a probable new record of A. nitschei sungweensis Bogert, 1940, and a discussion of its validity. Amphibia-Reptilia 3: 269-277

1982
Rasmussen, J. B., K. M. Howell

A case of tarantula-induced papular dermatitis. J. med. Entomol. 13: 745-747

1977
Ratcliffe, B. C.

Direct nephrotoxicity of Russell’s viper venom demonstrated in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 40: 312-319

1989
Ratcliffe, P. J., S. Pukrittayakamee, J. G. G. Ledingham, D. A. Warrell

A new cryptic species of green pit viper of the genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Serpentes, Viperidae) from northeast India. PloS one, 17(5), e0268402

2022
Rathee, Y. S., J. Purkayastha, H.T. Lalremsanga, S. Dalal, S., L. Biakzuala, L. Muansanga, Z.A. Mirza

Report on two fatalities due to stingrays. Toxicon 6: 301-302

1969
Rathjen, W. F., B. W. Halstead

Black widow spider bites. J. Toxicol. clin. Toxicol. 21: 473-485

Rauber, A. (1983-84)

An easy guide to common spiders of the Northeast and their allies. In Covacevic, J., P. Davie, J. Pearn: Toxic plants and animals. A guide to Australia. QLD Museum, Brisbane: 285-305

1987a
Raven, R., J. Gallon

The red back spider. In Covacevic, J., P. Davie, J. Pearn: Toxic plants and animals. A guide to Australia. QLD Museum, Brisbane: 307-311

1987b
Raven, R., J. Gallon

Funnel web spiders. In Pearn, J., J. Covacevic: Venoms and victims. The Queensland Museum and Amphibion Press, Brisbane: 67-72

1988
Raven, R., T. B. Churchill

The bite of Latrodectus indistinctus (button spider). S. Afr. med. J. 71: 716

1987
Rayner, B. L.

Asymmetric pulmonary edema after scorpion sting: a case report. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 50(6): 347-350.

2008
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Pathology of scorpion venom poisoning. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 75: 98-100

1972
Reddy, C. R. R. M., G. Suvarnakumari, C. S. Devi, C. N. Reddy

Delayed and persistent cutaneous reactions to coelenterates. J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 10: 462-466

1984
Reed, K. M., B. R. Bronstein, H. P. Baden

The diagnosis and treatment of brown recluse spider bites. Ann. Emerg. Med. 16: 945-949

1987
Rees, R., D. Campbell, E. Rieger, L. E. King

Brown recluse spider bites. A comparison of early surgical excision versus dapsone and delayed surgical excision. Ann. Surg. 202: 659-663

1985
Rees, R. S., D. Phillips Altenbern, J. B. Lynch, L. E. King Jr.

Zur Systematik der grünen Grubenottern der Gattung Trimeresurus (Serpentes, Crotalidae). Rev. suisse Zool. 88: 163-205

1981
Regenass, U., E. Kramer

Eye muscle paralysis after Vipera aspis envenomation. J. Accid. Emerg. Med. 16: 458

1999
Re, G., G. Trisolino, F. Miglio

Distribution of Acanthaster planci outbreaks on the Great Barrier Reef between 1966 and 1989. Coral Reefs 9: 97-103

1990
Reichelt, R. E., R. H. Bradbury, P. J. Moran

Snake bite by a taipan with recovery. Med. J. Aust.: 82-83

1950
Reid, C. C., H. Flecker

Three fatal cases of sea snakebite. In Buckley, E. E., N. Porges: Venoms. American association for the advancement of science, Washington 44: 367-371

1956
Reid, H. A.

Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of sea-snake bite. Lancet: 399-402

1961a
Reid, H. A.

Myoglobinuria and sea-snake-bite poisoning. Brit. med. J.: 1284-1289

1961b
Reid, H. A.

Sea-snake antivenene: successful trial. Brit. med. J.: 576-579

1962
Reid, H. A.

Cobra bites. Brit. med. J. 2: 540-545

1964
Reid, H. A.

Symptomatology, pathology, and treatment of land snake bite in India and Southeast Asia. In Bücherl, W., E. E. Buckley, V. Deulofen (ed.): Venomous animals and their venoms, Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York: 611-642

1968
Reid, H. A.

Antivenom in sea-snake bite poisoning. Lancet: 622-623

1975a
Reid, H. A.

Epidemiology and clinical aspects of sea snake bites. In Dunson, W. A.: The biology of sea snakes. Park Press, Baltimore: 417-462

1975b
Reid, H. A.

Epidemiology of sea-snake bites. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78: 106-113

1975c
Reid, H. A.

Adder bites in Britain. Brit. Med. J. 2: 153-156

1976
Reid, H. A.

Prolonged defibrination syndrome after bite by the carpet viper Echis carinatus. Brit. med. J.: 1326

1977
Reid, H. A.

Symptomatology, pathology and treatment of the bites of sea snakes. In Lee, C. Y.: Snake venoms. Springer, Heidelberg: 922-955

1979
Reid, H. A.

The paradox in therapeutic defibrination. Lancet I: 485-486

1968
Reid, H. A., K. E. Chan

Prolonged coagulation defect (defibrination syndrome) in Malayan viper bite. Lancet: 621-626

1963b
Reid, H. A., K. E. Chan, P. C. Thean

Sea-snake bite. A survey of fishing villages in Northwest Malaya. Brit. med. J. 2: 1266-1272

1957
Reid, H. A., K. J. Lim

Clinical effects of bites by Malayan viper (Ancistrodon rhodostoma). Lancet I: 617-621

1963a
Reid, H. A., P. C. Thean, K. E. Chan, A. R. Baharom

Specific antivenene and prednisone in viper-bite piosoning: Controlled trial. Brit. med. J.: 1378-1380

1963c
Reid, H. A., P. C. Thean, W. J. Martin

Changes in coagulation effects by venoms of Crotalus atrox as snakes age. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27: 1053-1057

1978
Reid, H. A., R. D. G. Theakston

The Scorpion Files. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, online at http://www.ub.ntnu.no/scorpion-files/

2009
Rein, J. O.

Late-onset allergic reactions, including serum sickness, after insect stings. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 84: 331-337

1989
Reisman, R. E., A. Livingston

Allergic reactions following first insect sting exposure. Ann. Allergy 59: 429-432

1987
Reisman, R. E., S. L. Osur

Una especie nuevo de serpiente coral (Elapidae, Micrurus), de la region de Urra, municipio de Tierra Alta, Cordoba, noroccidente de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales, 27 (102): 141-144.

2003
Renjifo, J. M., M. Lundberg

Survey of fatal anaphylactic reactions to imported fire ant stings. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 84: 159-162

1989
Rhoades, R. B., C. T. Stafford, F. K. James

Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Med. J. 18: 197-202

1975
Rhodes, F. A., C. G. Mills, K. Popei

Treatment of the bite of a mojave rattlesnake. J. Fla med. Ass. 55: 324-326

1968
Rhoten, W. B., J. F. Gennaro Jr.

Acidentes por serpentes preconhentas do Brasil. Rev. Assoc. Med. Brasil 36: 66-77

1990
Ribeiro, J.

Epidemiology of ophidic accidents. Mem. Inst. Butantan 52 (suppl.): 15-16

1990a
Ribeiro, L. A.

Bites by the colubrid snake Philodryas olfersii: A clinical and epidemiological study of 43 cases. Toxicon 37: 943-948

1999
Ribeiro, L. A., G. Puorto, M. T. Jorge

Wolf spider bites in São Paulo, Brazil: a clinical and epidemiological study of 515 cases. Toxicon 28: 715-717

1990b
Ribeiro, L. A., M. T. Jorge, R. V. Piesco, S. A. Nishioka

Observations on three species of jellyfishes from Chesapeake Bay with special reference to their toxins. II. Cyanea capillata. Biol. Bull. 143: 617-622

1972
Rice, N. E., W. A. Powell

Report of fatal cone shell sting by Conus geographus Linnaeus. Toxicon 5: 223-224

1968
Rice, R. D., B. W. Halstead

Fauna und Flora des Mittelmeeres. Paul Parey, Hamburg: 836

1983
Riedl, R.

First aid treatment of the sting from the hydroid Lytocarpus philippinus: the structure of, and in vitro discharge experiments with its nematocysts. J. Wilderness Med. 4: 252-260

1993
Rifkin, J. F., P. J. Fenner, J. A. H. Williamson

Scorpion envenomation. Pediatrics 66: 298-302

1980
Rimsza, M. E., D. R. Zimmerman, P. S. Bergeson

A survey of snakebite in the Johannesburg area. S. Afr. Med. J.: 1872-1876

1976
Rippey, J. J., E. Rippey, W. R. Branch

Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) envenomations in children: report of thirty-two cases. 10th World Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, 3-8 Nov. 1992, Singapore. Abstract no. 166: 218

1992
Rodgers, G. C., G. C. Roe, N. J. Matyunas

Lethal paralytic shellfish poisoning in Guatemala. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 42: 267-271

1990
Rodrigue, D. C., R. A. Etzel, E. de Porras, O. H. Velasquez, R. V. Tauxe, E. M. Kilbourne, P. A. Blake

Centipede (Scolopendra gigantea Linneaus 1758) envenomation in a newborn. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 42 (6): Print version ISSN 0036-4665

2000
Rodriguez-Acosta, A., J. Gassette, A. Gonzalez, M. Ghisoli

Immunology. Gower Med. Publ., London

1985
Roitt, J., J. Brostoff, D. Male

Prognostic factors of green pit viper bites. Am. J. Trop. Med. 58 (1): 22-25

1998
Rojnuckarin, P., S. Mahasandana, T. Intragumthornchai, P. Sutcharitchan, D. Swasdikul

Fatal case of tiger-snake (Notechis scutatus) bite. Medical and Scientific Archives, Adelaide Hospital 7: 18-20

1928
Rollinson, J. W.

Deux sous-espèces de la vipère Echis carinatus (Schneider) dans les territoires de Haute-Volta et des Niger. Notes et Doc. Voltaiques (N. D. V.), Ouagadougou 5: 1-11

1972
Roman, B.

Serpents de Haute-Volta. C. N. R. S. T. Ouagadougou, Haute Volta: 129

1980
Roman, B.

Phospholipase A2 toxins. In Dolly, J. O.: Neurotoxins in neurochemistry. J. Wiley & Sons, New York: 27-42

1988
Rosenberg, P.

Symptomatology, Pathology and treatment of snake bites in South America. In Bücherl, W., E. E. Buckley: Venomous animals and their venoms. Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York: 345-384

1971
Rosenfeld, G.

Intestinal ischemia after bushmaster (Lachesis muta) snakebite - a case report. Toxicon 40: 217-220

2002
Rosenthal, R., J. Meier, A. Koelz, C. Müller, W. Wegmann, P. Vogelbach

Snake venom prothrombin activators. In Pirkle, H., F. S. Markland: Hemostasis and animal venoms. Marcel Dekker, New York: 3-27

1988
Rosing, J., R. F. A. Zwaal, G. Tans

Sting of the scorpion Nebo hierichonticus in man. Toxicon 7: 75

1969
Rosin, R.

Electron-microscopic study of systemic myonecrosis due to poisoning by tropical rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) in humans. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 113: 169-173

1989
Rossi, M. A., L. C. Peres, F. de Paola, P. Cupo, S. E. Hering, M. M. Azevedo-Marques

Liberation of pharmacologically active substances by snake venoms. In Lee, C. Y.: Snake venoms. Springer, Berlin: 591-628

1979
Rothschild, A. M., Z. Rothschild

Beitrag zur pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie des Ophidismus. Virchows Arch. pathol. Anat. 301: 409-416

1938
Rotter, W.

Clinical and pathological aspects of a fatal case of mulga (Pseudechis australis) snakebite. Med. J. Aust.: 226

1969
Rowlands, J. B., B. A. Kakulas, D. Hainsworth

Micruroides. Catalogue of American Ambhibians and Reptiles. Society for the Study of Ambhibians and Reptiles, 1971 et seq.: 163.1-163.4

1974
Roze, J. A.

New world coral snakes (Elapidae): A taxonomic and biological summary. Mem. Inst. Butantan 46: 305-338

1982
Roze, J. A.

Phylogeny of the genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae) and two new species from the dry forests in the Magdalena Valley-Colombia. Species, 22(70), 243-265

2021
Rueda A, D. Lozano, V. Muñoz-Charry, MI. Velásquez- Vélez, A. Amézquita, D. Parra, E. Realpe

Ciguatera in the Pacific: a link with military activities. Lancet I: 201-204

1989
Ruff, T. A.

Initial postmarketing experience with crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab for treatment of rattlesnake envenomation. Ann. Emerg. Med. 39: 609-615

2002
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Poisonous marine animals. Academic Press, London: 176

1965
Russell, F. E.

Bites by the sonoran coral snake Micruroides euryxanthus. Toxicon 5: 39-42

1967
Russell, F. E.

Clinical aspects of snake venom poisoning in North America. Toxicon 7: 33-37

1969
Russell, F. E.

Bite by the spider Phippidus formosensis: case history. Toxicon 8: 193-194

1970
Russell, F. E.

Snake venom poisoning. Scholium international, Great Neck, New York: 562

1983
Russell, F. E.

Snake venom poisoning. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 33: 584-586

1991
Russell, F. E.

Gila monster: its biology, venom and bite-a review. Toxicon 19: 341-359

1981
Russell, F. E., C. M. Bogert

Preparations of a new antivenin by affinity chromatography. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 34: 141-150

1985
Russell, F. E., J. B. Sullivan, N. B. Egen, W. S. Jeter, F. S. Markland, W. A. Wingert, D. Baror

Introduction of the scorpion Centruroides exilicauda into California and its public health significance. Toxicon 22: 658-664

1984
Russell, F. E., M. B. Madon

Ciguateric fishes, ciguatoxin (CTX) and ciguatera poisoning. J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. 10: 37-62

1991
Russell, F. E., N. B. Egen

Effectiveness of antivenin (Crotalidae) polyvalent following injection of Crotalus venom. Toxicon 11: 461-464

1973
Russell, F. E., N. Ruzic, H. Gonzalez

Studies on the mechanism of death from stingray venom. A report of two fatal cases. Amer. J. Med. Sci.: 566-584

1958
Russell, F. E., T. C. Panos, L. W. Kang, T. C. Colket

The relationship of the possible allergic response to jellyfish envenomation and serum antibody titers. Toxicon 21: 475-480

1983
Russo, A. J., G. J. Calton, J. W. Burnett