Emergency & clinical flowcharts
| Signs and symptoms1 |
Emergency medical treatment | Possible cause |
Antivenom2 |
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Strong pain, superficial or deep puncture wounds (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post);
physical injuries to internal organs with or without additional effects of the venom (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post);
Penetration of the spine into the pericardial, pleural or abdominal cavity (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post)
Cardiac dysrhythmias? (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post) |
Infiltration of a local anaesthetic without the addition of a vasoconstrictor (lignocaine 1%); Nerve block anaesthesia (lignocaine, bupivacaine); surgical treatment (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post) |
Stingrays |
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| Strong pain, puncture wound(s); vomiting, diarrhoea, increased perspiration, confusion, loss of consciousness, cardiac arrhythmias, paralyses |
|
See above see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post |
Stonefishes and their relatives (Synanceiidae) |
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| Lionfishes (Pteroinae) |
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| Other Mail-cheeked fishes (Scorpaeniformes) |
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| Strong pain, puncture wound (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post) |
See above |
Weeverfishes (Trachinus sp.) |
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Strong pain, puncture wound (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post)
? vomiting, diarrhoea, increased perspiration, confusion, loss of consciousness, cardiac arrhythmias, paralyses (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post) |
See above |
Catfishes |
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| (Strong) pain, puncture wound (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post) | See above |
All other stinging fish (see Biomedical database) |
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| 1 |
See also the Clinical flowchart as a guide to the dynamics of envenoming. |
| 2 |
If clinical information regarding the efficacy of an antivenom is available, it is presented in the relevant Biomedical database entry. |