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Poisonous animals
 
Cnidarians (Jellyfish, Corals and Anemones)
 
Venomous fish
 
Scorpions
 
Spiders
 
Hymenopterans (Bees, Wasps and Ants)
 
Sea snakes
 
Terrestrial snakes
 
Miscellaneous animals
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Emergency & clinical flowcharts

 

Neurological – Cardiovascular – Gastrointestinal

Signs and symptoms1                        
  Emergency medical treatment (symptomatic)
  Poisoning and differential diagnosis                                             
  Specific treatment      

 

Neurological:

acroparaesthesias, myalgia, muscle weakness, paralysis, including paralysis of the respiratory musculature → respiratory failure
   

Endotracheal intubation,

artificial respiration

  Ciguatera   Mannitol (no convincing evidence!)
    
  Tetrodotoxin poisoning2
   
       

Cardiovascular:

bradycardia, arrhythmia,

arterial hypotension

   

Atropine,

anti-arrhythmics,

vasopressors

  Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)   
    
  Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning   
       

Gastrointestinal:

vomiting, diarrhoea

→ dehydration

      Rehydration
 

Amnesic shellfish poisoning

(ASP)2,3

  
    
  DD: type E botulism (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post)
 

Trivalent

ABE antitoxin

    
  DD: poisoning by contaminated foodstuffs (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post)  

Refer to toxicology manuals

Allergic

Signs and symptoms1                            
  Emergency medical treatment (symptomatic)
  Poisoning and differential diagnosis
  Specific treatment          

 

Skin:

Urticaria, redness, pruritus,

angio-oedema

 

Treatment of immediate-type allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock

 

Scombroid (histamine) poisoning

 

H1 and H2

receptor antagonists

                  

Respiratory:

Dyspnoea, rhonchi

   

DD: allergy to fish, shellfish or crab (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post)

     

Cardiovascular:
arterial hypotension,

arrhythmias, syncope

   

DD: allergies to other foodstuffs and food additives

(see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post)

     

Gastrointestinal: 
vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea

→ dehydration

    

Gastrointestinal

Signs and symptoms1               
  Emergency medical treatment (symptomatic)                        
  Poisoning and differential diagnosis
  Specific treatment        

 

Vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea → dehydration

    Rehydration                                        
  Diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning (DSP)

                                            .

  
 

DD: infectious gastroenteritis (see Diagnosis & Treatment: General practitioner / health post)

 

                                                                                                                                        

other forms of poisoning caused by poisonous animals

(see Biomedical database entries)

                                              

 

1
See also the Clinical flowchart as a guide to the dynamics of poisoning.
2 Cardiovascular signs and symptoms have been described in ciguatera, tetrodotoxin poisoning and ASP.
3 Symptoms of ASP: confusion, lethargy, seizures, coma, short-term memory loss. Paraesthesias, paresis and myalgia have not been observed.